Professional Resource Center Patient Education Materials Full Bibliography

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We've gathered all the clinical information, patient education materials, and journal articles to help you manage your patients LDL related risk for cardiovascular disease.

CVD Outcomes Studies	Endpoints	Subjects	Subject Type
Clinical Implications of Discordance Between Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Particle Number (MESA) Otvos et al. J Clin Lipidology 2011 click here to download PDF of abstract	Incident MI, Stroke, CVD Death, Angina	n=5,598	Healthy Men and Women
Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials Hsia et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008 click here to download PDF of abstract	MI, Coronary Death	n=27,347	Healthy Women
Framingham Offspring Study Cromwell et al. J Clin Lipidology 2007 click here to download PDF of abstract	Incident MI, Stroke, CVD Death, Angina	n=3,066	Healthy Men and Women
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Mora et al. Atherosclerosis 2007 click here to download PDF of abstract	Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (IMT)	n=5,538	Healthy Men and Women
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk El Harchaoui et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 click here to download PDF of abstract	Fatal or Non-Fatal CAD	n=2,888	Healthy Men and Women
Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) Otvos et al. Circulation 2006 click here to download PDF of abstract	Nonfatal MI or CHD Death	n=1,061	Men with Known CHD & Low HDL-C
Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study Soedamah-Muthu et al. Diabetologia 2003	MI, CHD Death, Coronary Revascularization	n=118	Type I Diabetic Men and Women
Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Kuller et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002	Incident MI or Angina	n=1,175	Elderly
Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in Coronary Arteries (PLAC-1) Rosenson et al. Am J Cardiol 2002	Angiographic Minimum Lumen Diameter	n=241	Patients with Known CHD

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Bibliography of clinical data

Garvey WT, Kwon S, Zheng D, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Pugh K, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Liao Y: Effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2003;52:453-462

Festa A, Williams K, Hanley AJ, Otvos JD, Goff DC, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM: Nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein abnormalities in prediabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 2005;111:3465-3472.

Cromwell WC, Otvos JD: Heterogeneity of low-density lipoprotein particle number in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1599-1602.

Otvos JD, Collins D, Freedman DS, Shalaurova I, Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Bloomfield HE, Robins SJ: Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Circulation 2006;113:1556-1563.

Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ, Pencina MJ, Sullivan L, Vasan RS, Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB: LDL particle number and risk for future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study – Implications for LDL management. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2007;1:2458-2464.

Mora S, Szklo M, Otvos JD, Greenland P, Psaty BM, Goff DC, Jr., O'Leary DH, Saad MF, Tsai MY, Sharrett AR: LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2007;192:211-217.

Hsia J, Otvos JD, Rossouw JE, Wu L, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Robinson JG, Lund B, Kuller LH: Lipoprotein particle concentrations may explain the absence of coronary protection in the women's health initiative hormone trials. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1666-1671.

Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Hsia J: Effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on LDL and HDL particle concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1087-1091.

El Harchaoui K, Arsenault BJ, Franssen R, Despres JP, Hovingh GK, Stroes ES, Otvos JD, Wareham NJ, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM: High-density lipoprotein particle size and concentration and coronary risk. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:84-93.

Mora S, Otvos JD, Rosenson RS, Pradhan A, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Lipoprotein particle size and concentration by nuclear magnetic resonance and incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes 2010;59:1153-60.

Goff DC, Jr., D'Agostino RB, Jr., Haffner SM, Otvos JD: Insulin resistance and adiposity influence lipoprotein size and subclass concentrations. Results from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Metabolism 2005;54:264-270.

El Harchaoui K, van der Steeg WA, Stroes ES, et al. Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:547–553.

Mora S, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Rosenson RS, Buring JE, Ridker PM: Lipoprotein particle profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance compared with standard lipids and apolipoproteins in predicting incident cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2009;119:931-939.

For full bibliography, click here

PDFs of patients materials

List of definitions

Laboratory Terms
ApoA-I	Collective estimate of all of the apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoproteins
ApoB	Collective concentration of all of the apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins
Apolipoprotein	A protein that binds to a lipid and aids in transport of the molecule
Apolipoprotein B-100	The major apolipoprotein constituent of LDL particles
ALT	(Alanine Aminotransferase) measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases
AST	(Aspartate Aminotransferase) is used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases
A1C	Also known as glycated hemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin used primarily as an indicator of the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time
Biomarker	A biological indicator of a condition or disease
BUN	Abbreviation for blood urea nitrogen
CE	Abbreviation for cholesterol ester
CHD	Abbreviation for coronary heart disease
CETP	Abbreviation for cholesterol ester transport protein
CVD	Abbreviation for cardiovascular disease
Cardiometabolic risk	Potential cardiovascular disease stemming from alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Cardiovascular Disease	Disease of the heart and blood vessels
Cholesterol Ester	Cholesterol found within the lipoprotein
CK	(Creatine Kinase) is used in the diagnosis and treatment of types of myocardial infarction and muscle diseases
Concordance	State of agreement
Correlation	The overall linear relationship of two laboratory measures in a population
Coronary Heart Disease	Disease of the coronary arteries
C-Peptide	Levels can serve as a valuable indicator of insulin secretion
Creatinine	An indicator of kidney function
DGU	Abbreviation for density gradient ultracentrifugation
Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation	A method of separating molecules by density using ultracentrifugation
Discordance	State of disagreement
FC	Free cholesterol
GGE	Abbreviation for gradient gel electrophoresis
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis	A method of separating molecules by density and electrical charge
Glucose	Measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of carbohydrate metabolism disorders
HbA1C	Abbreviation for hemoglobin A 1 c or glycosylated hemoglobin
HDL	High density lipoprotein
HDL-C	Cholesterol content within all of the HDL particles in a dL of plasma. Measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
HDL-P	Number of HDL particles in a liter of plasma (μmol/L); HDL-P is also reported as large, intermediate, and small HDL-P (μmol/L)
Hepatic Lipase	A liver enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides and phospholipids resulting in smaller, denser LDL and HDL particles
HL	Abbreviation for hepatic lipase
Homocysteine	Elevated levels of Hcy are associated with increased risk of CVD in many studies
hs-CRP	High sensitivity C-reactive protein – nonspecific inflammatory marker which is a CVD risk factor at levels ≥ 2.0 mg/dL up to 10 mg/dL
IHD	Abbreviation for ischemic heart disease
Insulin	Serves as a principle regulator for the storage and production of carbohydrates.
IDL-P	Number of IDL particles in a liter of plasma (nmol/L)
Ischemic Heart Disease	Disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle
LDL	Low density lipoprotein
LDL-C	Cholesterol content within all the IDL and LDL particles expressed in mg/dL of plasma
LDL-P	Total number of LDL particles, small and large, expressed in nmol/L
LDL size	Diameter of the predominant LDL species Pattern A or phenotype A refers to predominantly larger, buoyant LDL particles Pattern B or phenotype B refers to predominantly smaller, dense LDL particles
Lp(a)	Abbreviation for lipoprotein (a), consists of an LDL-like particle and the specific apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which is covalently bound to the apoB of the LDL-like particle. [Lipoprotein (a)] high levels promotes deposit of fatty wastes and other debris in atherosclerotic lesions
Lp(a)-C	Cholesterol content of LDL particles that have apo(a) attached
Lp-PLA2	Lipoprotein phospholipase A2 – atheroma specific inflammatory marker – implicated in the formation of rupture-prone plaque
Liver Function Tests	Lab results from measured ALT and AST levels
Metabolic Syndrome	a cluster of conditions occurring together that increase risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes
Methyl group	CH3 found on components of a lipoprotein that facilitate measurement by NMR
NMR	Abbreviation for nuclear magnetic resonance. Method of spectrometry that reads the frequency various shapes of molecules and lipids for the purpose of identification and quantitation
Non-HDL-C	The cholesterol within all of the apo B-containing particles in a dL of plasma
Non-Polar	Does not readily dissolve in water, hydrophobic
NMR LipoProfile test	Provides a direct measure of the number of low density lipoprotein particles, HDL-C, and Triglycerides by NMR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	Method of spectrometry that reads the frequency of shapes of molecules and lipids for the purpose of identification and quantitation
PL	Abbreviation for phospholipid
PLAC	Measures Lp-PLA2, a vascular-specific inflammatory enzyme implicated in the formation of rupture-prone plaque
Pattern A	A phenotype that refers to predominantly larger, buoyant LDL particles
Pattern B	A phenotype that refers to predominantly smaller, dense LDL particles
Phospholipid	Polar compounds consisting of an alcohol attached by a phosphodiester bridge to either glycerol or sphingosine - - usually structural components of membranes
Polar	Dissolves readily in water, hydrophilic
Residual risk	The amount of event risk that remains after the implementation of event lowering therapy; lifestyle and/or pharmacological
Risk Assessment	Identify and quantify level of risk present
Risk Management	Measures taken to reduce risk
SD or std. dev.	Abbreviation for Standard Deviation
Small HDL-P	Number of small HDL particles per liter of plasma ( μmol/L)
Small LDL-P	Number of small and intermediate LDL particles per liter of plasma (nmol/L)
Standard Deviation	A statistical term that indicates how tightly various points are clustered around the mean in a set of data
TC	Abbreviation for total cholesterol. Refers to the content within every lipoprotein in a deciliter of plasma
TG	Abbreviation for triglyceride. Refers to the triacylglycerol concentration within all of the TG-trafficking lipoproteins in a dL of plasma
Total Cholesterol	Used in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Triglycerides	Many people with elevated triglyceride levels have other conditions that increase CVD risk
TSH	(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is a pituitary hormone which plays a major role in controlling metabolism
T4: Free	Thyroid hormone that aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
T4: Total	Is the principle thyroid hormone which normally circulates largely bound to transport proteins, especially TBG (thyroid binding globulin)
VLDL	Abbreviation for very low density lipoprotein
VLDL-C	Cholesterol content within all of the VLDL particles in a dL of plasma (note: NCEP recommends using VLDL-C as your surrogate of remnant-C)
VLDL-P	Number of VLDL particles in a liter of plasma (nmol/L)
Clinical Paper Terms
AACC	American Association for Clinical Chemistry
ACC	Abbreviation for the American College of Cardiology
ADA	Abbreviation for American Diabetes Association
Arm	A controlled trial has at least two arms; that is, at least two groups of people experiencing different treatment
Bias	Something that introduces a difference or trend that distorts (or could distort) results of a study
Blinding	The process of keeping hidden certain information about data or study procedures in order to help avoid bias
Case-Control Study	A type of study used for evaluating the causes of a particular disease. A group of patients with the disease (the cases) are compared with another group of subjects who do not have the disease (the controls)
CIMT	Abbreviation for carotid intima media thickness – a measurement of the thickness of artery walls. Usually measured by ultrasound
Clinical Significance	A finding or observation that is clinically relevant (for example, a patient dying unexpectedly or a large treatment effect)
Clinical trial	A trial involves administering a treatment to test it; an experiment. Clinical trial is an umbrella term for a variety of health trials, controlled and uncontrolled. Types include uncontrolled trials, controlled clinical trials (CCT), community trials, and randomized, controlled trials (RCT). A clinical trial is sometimes called a therapeutic trial.
Cohort Study	The study of a group of subjects over time. This includes clinical trials, but the term is usually restricted to observational studies
Confidence interval (CI)	A range of values for a parameter (such as a mean or a proportion) that is all consistent with the observed data. The width of such an interval can vary, depending on how confident we wish to be that the range quoted will truly encompass the value of the parameter. Usually "95% confidence intervals" are quoted. CI is a way of quantifying the range of uncertainty around a result. The CI stretches two limits: one is the lowest possible result that others could face, and the other is the highest, with the mean (average) result of the study lying somewhere in between
Controls	The people in the control group or arm in a controlled trial or a case-control study (also called the comparison group). In a trial, people who are the 'controls' represent the status quo against which the effectiveness of a treatment is tested
Cross-Sectional Study	A study that examines data at one particular point in time (either in the sense of 'all ten-year-old children' or 'everybody on January 1st') and does not consider specific differences within subjects, effects
Efficacy	The extent to which an intervention improves the outcome for people under ideal circumstances. Testing efficacy means finding out whether something is capable of causing an effect at all
Endpoint	Overall outcome that protocol is designed to evaluate. Common endpoints are severe toxicity, disease progression, or death. Sometimes a long term outcome (such as mortality or disability) cannot be measured within the time range of a study
Event Rate	The proportion of subjects who experience a particular event in a given time interval
Follow-Up	The process of collecting data after some activity has taken place. This often simply means gathering data after subjects have been randomized, or it may mean collecting data after treatment has been stopped to monitor safety or relapse of symptoms
Heterogeneous (geneity)	Is the opposite of homogeneous. If a set of studies on the same subject have varied or conflicting results of the group of studies are heterogeneous
Hypothesis	A statement for which good evidence may not exist but which is to be the subject of an experiment
Incidence	Of disease is the number of new cases occurring in a population over a defined time interval. Incidence measures how quickly one sees new cases of disease, whereas prevalence describes how many people total in a population are already affected, regardless of when they became infected or sick. If an incidence of disease among patients is 126 infections per 1000 person years. This means, among every 1000 patients followed, 126 people became infected in the course of one year
Intervention	Anything meant to change the course of events for someone: surgery, a drug, a test, a treatment, counseling, giving someone a pamphlet - all of these are interventions
Mean	The sum of a set of numbers, divided by the number in the sample. A more formal term for the average
Median	When a set of numbers is sorted into ascending order, there are as many values greater than the median as there are values smaller than the median
Meta-analysis	An analysis of the summary of results from two or more similar studies. The literal definition is an analysis of analyses; metadata. Such methods are becoming more common and used as a way of synthesizing data from a variety of studies to try to get better answers to specific medical questions
Multivariate analysis	Measuring the impact of more than one variable at a time while analyzing a set of data, e.g., looking at the impact of age, gender, and occupation on a particular outcome
Negative Predictive Value (-PV)	In a diagnostic test, the probability that a person with a negative result does not have the disease (a correct result)
Number Needed to Treat (NN1)	The number of patients that a physician would have to treat with a new treatment in order to avoid one event that would otherwise have occurred with a standard treatment. NNT gives you an estimate of how many people need to receive a treatment before one person would experience the beneficial outcome
Odds	The probability of an event occurring divided by the probability of it not occurring
Odds Ratio (OR)	The ratio of two odds, often used as a summary of the size of a treatment effect in two-by-two tables. This is a common way of estimating the effect of a treatment
Overview	To look at data from various sources, considering them as a whole and making a conclusion
“person-years”	the term "person-years" is a convention from epidemiology that allows researchers to annualize estimates of disease occurrence from individuals followed up for different lengths of time
Positive Predictive Value (+PV)	In a diagnostic test, the probability that a person with a positive result does actually have the disease (a correct result)
Power	In statistical significance tests, the probability that the null hypothesis will be rejected if it is not true. A study needs to have a specified level of power in order to be able to reliably detect a difference that a treatment might cause.
Prevalence	Is a measure of the number of total cases of a disease in a population at a certain moment in time
Probability	Is the chance or risk of something happening
P Value	Is the initial “result” from a statistical significance test; typically a p-value of less than .05 means the data point is significant.
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial	A clinical trial that uses randomization to decide which subjects receive which treatment
Risk Benefit Ratio	The relative weighting of the risk (and consequences) of an action if it fails to outweigh the benefits gained from that action if it succeeds
Regression analysis	A statistical modeling technique. Regression analysis is used to estimate or predict the relative influence of more than one variable on something: i.e., the effect of age, gender, and educational level on the prevalence of a disease. There are different types of these models, including linear and logistic regression
Relative Risk (RR)	Also called the "risk ratio." It is a common way of eliminating the risk of experiencing a particular effect or result. A RR> 1 means a person is estimated to be at an increased risk, while a RR <1 means a person is apparently at a decreased risk
Risk Ratio	The ratio of two risks
Sample Size	The size of a sample; either the number of subjects that it is intended to recruit or the number of subjects that actually were recruited
Sample Size Calculation	A calculation to determine how many subjects are needed in a sample to meet the objectives of the study
Sample Size Requirement	The required number of subjects needed to meet the objectives of the study, arrived at either by a sample size calculation or by some other means
Sensitivity	In a diagnostic test, the proportion of subjects with a disease who are correctly identified as having the disease
Specificity	In a diagnostic test, the proportion of subjects who are correctly identified as not having the disease
Standard Deviation	A measure of how spread out a set of data is. It is the square root of the variance
Statistical Significance	The result of a statistical significance test when the p value is smaller than the pre-specified significance level, and so the null hypothesis is rejected
Variable	A variable is a factor which differs among and between groups of people. Variables include things like age and gender, as well as things like smoking or medical conditions. All these factors can potentially have an impact on outcomes

Patient Education Materials

Download NMR LipoProfile test Patient Worksheet

Download Tips for Leading a Heart Healthy Lifestyle

Full Bibliography

1. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett DW: Quantification of plasma lipoproteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Chem 1991;37:377-386.

2. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett DW, Krauss RM: Development of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distributions from a single, rapid measurement. Clin Chem 1992;38:1632-1638.

3. Otvos JD: Determination of lipoproteins and their subfractions by nuclear magnetic resonance; in Rifai N, Warnick R (eds): Laboratory Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins . Washington, AACC Press, 1994 pp 329-333.

4. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett D: A spectroscopic approach to lipoprotein subclass analysis. Journal of Clinical Ligand Assay 1996;19:184-189.

5. Parsons SK, Skapek SX, Neufeld EJ, Kuhlman C, Young ML, Donnelly M, Brunzell JD, Otvos JD, Sallan SE, Rifai N: Asparaginase-associated lipid abnormalities in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1997;89:1886-1895.

6. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Barboriak JJ, Anderson AJ, Walker JA: Relation of lipoprotein subclasses as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1046-1053.

7. Otvos JD: Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by NMR spectroscopy; in Rifai N, Warnick R, Dominiczak MH (eds): Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing. Washington, AACC Press, 1997 pp 497-508.

8. Giri S, Thompson PD, Taxel P, Contois JH, Otvos J, Allen R, Ens G, Wu AH, Waters DD: Oral estrogen improves serum lipids, homocysteine and fibrinolysis in elderly men. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:359-366.

9. Vadlamudi S, MacLean P, Israel RG, Marks RH, Hickey M, Otvos J, Barakat H: Effects of oral combined hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Metabolism 1998;47:1222-1226.

10. Lilley SH, Spivey JM, Vadlamudi S, Otvos J, Cummings DM, Barakat H: Lipid and lipoprotein responses to oral combined hormone replacement therapy in normolipemic obese women with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:1107-1115.

11. Otvos J: Measurement of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Cardiol 1999;22:II-21-II-27.

12. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Association of the A-204C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J Lipid Res 1999;40:1883-1889.

13. Nicklas BJ, Ryan AS, Katzel LI: Lipoprotein subfractions in women athletes: effects of age, visceral obesity and aerobic fitness. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:41-47.

14. Yu HH, Ginsburg GS, O'Toole ML, Otvos JD, Douglas PS, Rifai N: Acute changes in serum lipids and lipoprotein subclasses in triathletes as assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1945-1949.

15. Grundy SM, Vega GL, Otvos JD, Rainwater DL, Cohen JC: Hepatic lipase activity influences high density lipoprotein subclass distribution in normotriglyceridemic men. Genetic and pharmacological evidence. J Lipid Res 1999;40:229-234.

16. Sartipy P, Camejo G, Svensson L, Hurt-Camejo E: Phospholipase A(2) modification of low density lipoproteins forms small high density particles with increased affinity for proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 1999;274:25913-25920.

17. Otvos JD: Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; in Rifai N, Warnick GR, Dominiczak MH (eds): Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing . Washington, AACC Press, 2000 pp 609-623.

18. MacLean PS, Bower JF, Vadlamudi S, Green T, Barakat HA: Lipoprotein subpopulation distributions in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic women: a comparison of African and white Americans. Obes Res 2000;8:62-70.

19. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Otvos JD, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Levels and correlates of LDL and VLDL particle sizes among children: the Bogalusa heart study. Atherosclerosis 2000;152:441-449.

20. Isasi CR, Shea S, Deckelbaum RJ, Couch SC, Starc TJ, Otvos JD, Berglund L: Apolipoprotein epsilon2 allele is associated with an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile in children: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study. Pediatrics 2000;106:568-575.

21. MacLean PS, Vadlamudi S, MacDonald KG, Pories WJ, Houmard JA, Barakat HA: Impact of insulin resistance on lipoprotein subpopulation distribution in lean and morbidly obese nondiabetic women. Metabolism 2000;49:285-292.

22. Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ: Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1323-1329.

23. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Absence of association between genetic variation in the promoter of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene and plasma lipoproteins in the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis 2000;148:337-343.

24. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Lahoz C, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Association of the C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with variations in lipoprotein subclass profiles: The Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:815-822.

25. Russo GT, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Otvos JD, Wilson PW, Lahoz C, Cucinotta D, Couture P, Mallory T, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:173-181.

26. McKenney JM, McCormick LS, Schaefer EJ, Black DM, Watkins ML: Effect of niacin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:270-274.

27. Stein JH, Klein MA, Bellehumeur JL, McBride PE, Wiebe DA, Otvos JD, Sosman JM: Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2001;104:257-262.

28. Kral BG, Becker LC, Yook RM, Blumenthal RS, Kwiterovich PO, Jr., Otvos JD, Becker DM: Racial differences in low-density lipoprotein particle size in families at high risk for premature coronary heart disease. Ethn Dis 2001;11:325-337.

29. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Otvos JD: Distribution and correlates of high-density lipoprotein subclasses among children and adolescents. Metabolism 2001;50:370-376.

30. Tangney CC, Mosca LJ, Otvos JD, Rosenson RS: Oral 17beta-estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in postmenopausal women increases HDL particle size. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:425-430.

31. Miller M, Dolinar C, Cromwell W, Otvos JD: Effectiveness of high doses of simvastatin as monotherapy in mixed hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:232-4, A9.

32. da Costa Vieira JL, Gomes ME, Almeida AB, Moriguchi EH: Changes in the profile of lipoprotein subfractions associated with hormone replacement therapy. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001;76:177-188.

33. van d, V, Kastelein JJ, Murphy RL, van LF, Katlama C, Horban A, Glesby M, Behrens G, Clotet B, Stellato RK, Molhuizen HO, Reiss P: Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS 2001;15:2407-2414.

34. Galluzzi JR, Cupples LA, Otvos JD, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Association of the A/T54 polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein with variations in plasma lipids in the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis 2001;159:417-424.

35. Oliver WR, Jr., Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM: A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:5306-5311.

36. Schaefer EJ, Brousseau ME, Diffenderfer MR, Cohn JS, Welty FK, O'Connor J, Jr., Dolnikowski GG, Wang J, Hegele RA, Jones PJ: Cholesterol and apolipoprotein B metabolism in Tangier disease. Atherosclerosis 2001;159:231-236.

37. Chan NN, Colhoun HM, Vallance P: Cardiovascular risk factors as determinants of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vascular reactivity in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1814-1820.

38. Fusegawa Y, Kelley KL, Sawyer JK, Shah RN, Rudel LL: Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on the relationship between CETP activity and plasma lipoproteins in monkeys. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1849-1857.

39. Hurt-Camejo E, Paredes S, Masana L, Camejo G, Sartipy P, Rosengren B, Pedreno J, Vallve JC, Benito P, Wiklund O: Elevated levels of small, low-density lipoprotein with high affinity for arterial matrix components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: possible contribution of phospholipase A2 to this atherogenic profile. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2761-2767.

40. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM: Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002;106:1930-1937.

41. Brousseau ME, O'Connor JJ, Jr., Ordovas JM, Collins D, Otvos JD, Massov T, McNamara JR, Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Schaefer EJ: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqI B2B2 genotype is associated with higher HDL cholesterol levels and lower risk of coronary heart disease end points in men with HDL deficiency: Veterans Affairs HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1148-1154.

42. Colhoun HM, Otvos JD, Rubens MB, Taskinen MR, Underwood SR, Fuller JH: Lipoprotein subclasses and particle sizes and their relationship with coronary artery calcification in men and women with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:1949-1956.

43. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Otvos JD, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Differences in the relation of obesity to serum triacylglycerol and VLDL subclass concentrations between black and white children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:827-833.

44. Kuller L, Arnold A, Tracy R, Otvos J, Burke G, Psaty B, Siscovick D, Freedman DS, Kronmal R: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lipoproteins and risk of coronary heart disease in the cardiovascular health study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1175-1180.

45. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC: Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:22i-29i.

46. Otvos JD, Shalaurova I, Freedman DS, Rosenson RS: Effects of pravastatin treatment on lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size in the PLAC-I trial. Atherosclerosis 2002;160:41-48.

47. Otvos JD: Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab 2002;48:171-180.

48. Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS: Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:89-94.

49. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Tayler T, Daly JA, Gleason JA, Seman LJ, Ferrari A, Rubenstein JJ: Effects of atorvastatin on fasting and postprandial lipoprotein subclasses in coronary heart disease patients versus control subjects. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:689-696.

50. Wilund KR, Ferrell RE, Phares DA, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM: Changes in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol subfractions with exercise training may be dependent on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genotype. Metabolism 2002;51:774-778.

51. Colhoun HM, Taskinen MR, Otvos JD, Van Den Berg P, O'Connor J, Van TA: Relationship of phospholipid transfer protein activity to HDL and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:3300-3305.

52. Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA: Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-1492.

53. Otvos JD: Why cholesterol measurements may be misleading about lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular disease risk - Clinical implications of lipoprotein quantification using NMR spectroscopy. Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2002;26:544-550.

54. Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Evans RW, Holubkov R, Matthews KA: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal women from the healthy women study. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:71i-76i.

55. Davy BM, Davy KP, Ho RC, Beske SD, Davrath LR, Melby CL: High-fiber oat cereal compared with wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:351-358.

56. Humphries SE, Berglund L, Isasi CR, Otvos JD, Kaluski D, Deckelbaum RJ, Shea S, Talmud PJ: Loci for CETP, LPL, LIPC, and APOC3 affect plasma lipoprotein size and sub-population distribution in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002;12:163-172.

57. Blake GJ, Albert MA, Rifai N, Ridker PM: Effect of pravastatin on LDL particle concentration as determined by NMR spectroscopy: a substudy of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1843-1847.

58. Hammad SM, Powell-Braxton L, Otvos JD, Eldridge L, Won W, Lyons TJ: Lipoprotein subclass profiles of hyperlipidemic diabetic mice measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolism 2003;52:916-921.

59. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL: Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003;64:817-828.

60. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL: Serum lipoproteins in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes intervention and complications cohort: associations with gender and glycemia. Diabetes Care 2003;26:810-818.

61. Shea S, Aymong E, Zybert P, Berglund L, Shamoon H, Deckelbaum RJ, Basch CE: Fasting plasma insulin modulates lipid levels and particle sizes in 2- to 3-year-old children. Obes Res 2003;11:709-721.

62. Garvey WT, Kwon S, Zheng D, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Pugh K, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Liao Y: Effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2003;52:453-462.

63. Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Schechter C, Schaefer EJ, Cupples AL, Lipton R, Cheng S, Shuldiner AR: Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity. JAMA 2003;290:2030-2040.

64. Hays JH, DiSabatino A, Gorman RT, Vincent S, Stillabower ME: Effect of a high saturated fat and no-starch diet on serum lipid subfractions in patients with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1331-1336.

65. Kuivenhoven JA, Hovingh GK, Van TA, Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C, Fruchart JC, Brinton EA, Otvos JD, Smelt AH, Brownlee A, Zwinderman AH, Hayden MR, Kastelein JJ: Heterozygosity for ABCA1 gene mutations: effects on enzymes, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein particle size. Atherosclerosis 2003;171:311-319.

66. Li Z, Otvos JD, Lamon-Fava S, Carrasco WV, Lichtenstein AH, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Men and women differ in lipoprotein response to dietary saturated fat and cholesterol restriction. J Nutr 2003;133:3428-3433.

67. Ma K, Cilingiroglu M, Otvos JD, Ballantyne CM, Marian AJ, Chan L: Endothelial lipase is a major genetic determinant for high-density lipoprotein concentration, structure, and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:2748-2753.

68. Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Baksh RI, Intenzo C, Carey CM, Reese D, Walker K: Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1432-1436.

69. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Chang YF, Otvos J, Evans RW, Orchard TJ: Lipoprotein subclass measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy improve the prediction of coronary artery disease in Type 1 diabetes. A prospective report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2003;46:674-682.

70. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Fuller JH, Julier K, Mackness MI, Neil HA: The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and NMR spectroscopy defined lipoprotein subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients with ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:243-255.

71. Belani SS, Goldberg AC, Coyne DW: Ability of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and calculated intermediate-density lipoprotein to identify nontraditional lipoprotein subclass risk factors in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:320-329.

72. Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML, Bloedon LT, Digenio AG, Clark RW, Mancuso JP, Rader DJ: Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1505-1515.

73. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD: Low-density lipoprotein particle number and risk for cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004;6:381-387.

74. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Shalaurova I, Cupples LA, Parise H, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ: Sex and age differences in lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the Framingham Study. Clin Chem 2004;50:1189-1200.

75. Kwiterovich PO, Jr., Virgil DG, Garrett ES, Otvos J, Driggers R, Blakemore K, Cockrill SL, Macfarlane RD: Lipoprotein heterogeneity at birth: influence of gestational age and race on lipoprotein subclasses and Lp (a) lipoprotein. Ethn Dis 2004;14:351-359.

76. Li Z, Lamon-Fava S, Otvos J, Lichtenstein AH, Velez-Carrasco W, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Fish consumption shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in humans. J Nutr 2004;134:1724-1728.

77. Liao Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Garvey WT: Critical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2004;27:978-983.

78. Lyons TJ, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL: Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:910-918.

79. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Tayler T, Daly JA, Gleason JL, Seman LJ, Ferrari A, Rubenstein JJ: Comparisons of effects of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) on fasting and postprandial lipoproteins in patients with coronary heart disease versus control subjects. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:31-39.

80. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JL, Aeschlimann SE, Korcarz CE, Underbakke GL, Mays ME, Sosman JM: Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am Heart J 2004;147:E18.

81. Bhalodkar NC, Blum S, Rana T, Bhalodkar A, Kitchappa R, Kim KS, Enas E: Comparison of levels of large and small high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Asian Indian men compared with Caucasian men in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1561-1563.

82. Hanak V, Munoz J, Teague J, Stanley A, Jr., Bittner V: Accuracy of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for prediction of the low-density lipoprotein phenotype B. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:219-222.

83. Ikewaki K, Tohyama J, Nakata Y, Wakikawa T, Kido T, Mochizuki S: Fenofibrate effectively reduces remnants, and small dense LDL, and increases HDL particle number in hypertriglyceridemic men - a nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004;11:278-285.

84. Jenkins AJ, Thorpe SR, Alderson NL, Hermayer KL, Lyons TJ, King LP, Chassereau CN, Klein RL: In vivo glycated low-density lipoprotein is not more susceptible to oxidation than nonglycated low-density lipoprotein in type 1 diabetes. Metabolism 2004;53:969-976.

85. Klein RL, McHenry MB, Lok KH, Hunter SJ, Le NA, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Semler AJ, Brown WV, Lyons TJ, Garvey WT: Apolipoprotein C-III protein concentrations and gene polymorphisms in type 1 diabetes: associations with lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolism 2004;53:1296-1304.

86. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L, Williams M, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Gracely EJ, Rader DJ, Samaha FF: A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 2004;117:398-405.

87. Tsai MY, Georgopoulos A, Otvos JD, Ordovas JM, Hanson NQ, Peacock JM, Arnett DK: Comparison of ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the quantification of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after an oral fat load. Clin Chem 2004;50:1201-1204.

88. Costacou T, Zgibor JC, Evans RW, Otvos J, Lopes-Virella MF, Tracy RP, Orchard TJ: The prospective association between adiponectin and coronary artery disease among individuals with type 1 diabetes. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2005;48:41-48.

89. Dornbrook-Lavender KA, Joy MS, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Chin H, Hogan SL, Pieper JA: Effects of atorvastatin on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol phenotype and C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:335-344.

90. Goff DC, Jr., D'Agostino RB, Jr., Haffner SM, Otvos JD: Insulin resistance and adiposity influence lipoprotein size and subclass concentrations. Results from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Metabolism 2005;54:264-270.

91. Kwiterovich PO, Jr., Cockrill SL, Virgil DG, Garrett ES, Otvos J, Knight-Gibson C, Alaupovic P, Forte T, Zhang L, Farwig ZN, Macfarlane RD: A large high-density lipoprotein enriched in apolipoprotein C-I: a novel biochemical marker in infants of lower birth weight and younger gestational age. JAMA 2005;293:1891-1899.

92. Ma K, Forte T, Otvos JD, Chan L: Differential additive effects of endothelial lipase and scavenger receptor-class B type I on high-density lipoprotein metabolism in knockout mouse models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:149-154.

93. Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Evans RW, Holubkov R, Matthews KA: Hormone therapy, lipoprotein subclasses, and coronary calcification: the Healthy Women Study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:510-515.

94. Suter PM, Marmier G, Veya-Linder C, Hanseler E, Lentz J, Vetter W, Otvos J: Effect of orlistat on postprandial lipemia, NMR lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size. Atherosclerosis 2005;180:127-135.

95. Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Roth S, Ferrell RE, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM: Interleukin-6 genotype is associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol responses to exercise training. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1734:143-151.

96. Bhalodkar NC, Blum S, Rana T, Bhalodkar A, Kitchappa R, Enas EA: Effect of leisure time exercise on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, its subclasses, and size in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:98-100.

97. Costacou T, Lopes-Virella MF, Zgibor JC, Virella G, Otvos J, Walsh M, Orchard TJ: Markers of endothelial dysfunction in the prediction of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:183-193.

98. Deguchi H, Pecheniuk NM, Elias DJ, Averell PM, Griffin JH: High-density lipoprotein deficiency and dyslipoproteinemia associated with venous thrombosis in men. Circulation 2005;112:893-899.

99. Festa A, Williams K, Hanley AJ, Otvos JD, Goff DC, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM: Nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein abnormalities in prediabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 2005;111:3465-3472.

100. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, Buse JB, Zagar AJ, Pinaire JA, Tan MH, Khan MA, Perez AT, Jacober SJ: A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1547-1554.

101. Ikewaki K, Noma K, Tohyama J, Kido T, Mochizuki S: Effects of bezafibrate on lipoprotein subclasses and inflammatory markers in patients with hypertriglyceridemia--a nuclear magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 2005;101:441-447.

102. Fagerberg B, Edwards S, Halmos T, Lopatynski J, Schuster H, Stender S, Stoa-Birketvedt G, Tonstad S, Halldorsdottir S, Gause-Nilsson I: Tesaglitazar, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently improves the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population. Diabetologia 2005;48:1716-1725.

103. Rosenson RS: Assessing risk across the spectrum of patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:8E-10E.

104. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JB, McBride PE, Wiebe DA, Sosman JM: Postprandial lipoprotein changes in patients taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:399-405.

105. Thijssen MA, Mensink RP: Small differences in the effects of stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on the serum lipoprotein profile of humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:510-516.

106. Davy BM, Davy KP: Comparison of assessment techniques: plasma lipid and lipoproteins related to the metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis 2006;5:3.

107. Kathiresan S, Otvos JD, Sullivan LM, Keyes MJ, Schaefer EJ, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Robins SJ: Increased small low-density lipoprotein particle number: a prominent feature of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2006;113:20-29.

108. Otvos JD, Collins D, Freedman DS, Shalaurova I, Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Bloomfield HE, Robins SJ: Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Circulation 2006;113:1556-1563.

109. Ruano G, Seip RL, Windemuth A, Zollner S, Tsongalis GJ, Ordovas J, Otvos J, Bilbie C, Miles M, Zoeller R, Visich P, Gordon P, Angelopoulos TJ, Pescatello L, Moyna N, Thompson PD: Apolipoprotein A1 genotype affects the change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions with exercise training. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:65-69.

110. Shadid S, LaForge R, Otvos JD, Jensen MD: Treatment of obesity with diet/exercise versus pioglitazone has distinct effects on lipoprotein particle size. Atherosclerosis 2006;188:370-376.

111. Szapary PO, Bloedon LT, Samaha FF, Duffy D, Wolfe ML, Soffer D, Reilly MP, Chittams J, Rader DJ: Effects of pioglitazone on lipoproteins, inflammatory markers, and adipokines in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:182-188.

112. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Jr., Olsen MK, Dudley T, Guyton JR: Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:212-216.

113. Yishak AA, Costacou T, Virella G, Zgibor J, Fried L, Walsh M, Evans RW, Lopes-Virella M, Kagan VE, Otvos J, Orchard TJ: Novel predictors of overt nephropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes. A nested case control study from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:93-100.

114. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD: Heterogeneity of low-density lipoprotein particle number in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1599-1602.

115. Demissie S, Cupples LA, Shearman AM, Gruenthal KM, Peter I, Schmid CH, Karas RH, Housman DE, Mendelsohn ME, Ordovas JM: Estrogen receptor-alpha variants are associated with lipoprotein size distribution and particle levels in women: the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:210-218.

116. Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC, Otvos JD: Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab Med 2006;26:847-870.

117. Kuvin JT, Dave DM, Sliney KA, Mooney P, Patel AR, Kimmelstiel CD, Karas RH: Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein particle size, distribution, and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:743-745.

118. Lara-Castro C, Luo N, Wallace P, Klein RL, Garvey WT: Adiponectin multimeric complexes and the metabolic syndrome trait cluster. Diabetes 2006;55:249-259.

119. Lyons TJ, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Klein RL, Otvos JD, Yu Y, Lackland DT, McGee D, McHenry MB, Lopes-Virella M, Garvey WT: Nuclear magnetic resonance-determined lipoprotein subclass profile in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with carotid intima-media thickness. Diabet Med 2006;23:955-966.

120. Pennington JS, Pennington SN: Rat adult offspring serum lipoproteins are altered by maternal consumption of a liquid diet. Lipids 2006;41:357-363.

121. Seip RL, Otvos J, Bilbie C, Tsongalis GJ, Miles M, Zoeller R, Visich P, Gordon P, Angelopoulos TJ, Pescatello L, Moyna N, Thompson PD: The effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on serum lipoprotein particle response to exercise. Atherosclerosis 2006;188:126-133.

122. Mora S, Szklo M, Otvos JD, Greenland P, Psaty BM, Goff DC, Jr., O'Leary DH, Saad MF, Tsai MY, Sharrett AR: LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2007;192:211-217.

123. Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Derby CA, Bauman JM, Lipton RB: A genotype of exceptional longevity is associated with preservation of cognitive function. Neurology 2006;67:2170-2175.

124. Berhanu P, Kipnes MS, Khan MA, Perez AT, Kupfer SF, Spanheimer RC, Demissie S, Fleck PR: Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone while continuing stable statin therapy. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006;3:39-44.

125. Davidson MH, McKenney JM, Shear CL, Revkin JH: Efficacy and safety of torcetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in individuals with below-average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1774-1781.

126. Davidson MH, Bays HE, Stein E, Maki KC, Shalwitz RA, Doyle R: Effects of fenofibrate on atherogenic dyslipidemia in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Clin Cardiol 2006;29:268-273.

127. Dulin MF, Hatcher LF, Sasser HC, Barringer TA: Policosanol is ineffective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1543-1548.

128. Heijmans BT, Beekman M, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Cobain MR, Powell J, Blauw GJ, van der Ouderaa F, Westendorp RG, Slagboom PE: Lipoprotein particle profiles mark familial and sporadic human longevity. PLoS Med 2006;3:e495.

129. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Shear CL, Revkin JH: Efficacy and safety of torcetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in individuals with below-average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on a background of atorvastatin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1782-1790.

130. Shrestha S, Volek JS, Udani J, Wood RJ, Greene CM, Aggarwal D, Contois JH, Kavoussi B, Fernandez ML: A combination therapy including psyllium and plant sterols lowers LDL cholesterol by modifying lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic individuals. J Nutr 2006;136:2492-2497.

131. Singaraja RR, Van EM, Bissada N, Zimetti F, Collins HL, Hildebrand RB, Hayden A, Brunham LR, Kang MH, Fruchart JC, Van Berkel TJ, Parks JS, Staels B, Rothblat GH, Fievet C, Hayden MR: Both hepatic and extrahepatic ABCA1 have discrete and essential functions in the maintenance of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in vivo. Circulation 2006;114:1301-1309.

132. Rosenson RS. Colesevelam HCl reduces LDL particle number and increases LDL size in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:327-330.

133. Rosenson RS, Wolff DA, Huskin AL, Helenowski IB, Rademaker AW. Fenofibrate therapy ameliorates fasting and postprandial lipoproteinemia, osidative stress, and the inflammatory response in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1945-1951.

134. El Harchaoui K, van der Steeg WA, Stroes ES, Kuivenhoven JA, Otvos JD, Wareham NJ, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM: Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:547-553.

135. Kuller LH, Grandits G, Cohen JD, Neaton JD, Prineas R: Lipoprotein particles, insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein and risk of coronary heart disease among men with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:122-128.

136. Lam TK, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Pocai A, Bhanot S, Tso P, Schwartz GJ, Rossetti L: Brain glucose metabolism controls the hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Nat Med 2007;13:171-180.

137. Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Lydersen S, Grill V: Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:419-429.

138. Pettee KK, Kriska AM, Johnson BD, Conroy MB, Mackey RH, Orchard TJ, Kuller LH: The relationship between physical activity and lipoprotein subclasses in postmenopausal women: the influence of hormone therapy. Menopause 2007;14:115-122.

139. Singh U, Otvos J, Dasgupta A, de Lemos JA, Devaraj S, Jialal I: High-dose alpha-tocopherol therapy does not affect HDL subfractions in patients with coronary artery disease on statin therapy. Clin Chem 2007;53:525-528.

140. Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Johnson JL, Bateman LA, Tanner CJ, McCartney JS, Duscha BD, Kraus WE: Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:432-442.

141. Cali AM, Zern TL, Taksali SE, de Oliveira AM, Dufour S, Otvos JD, Caprio S: Intrahepatic fat accumulation and alterations in lipoprotein composition in obese adolescents: a perfect proatherogenic state. Diabetes Care 2007;30:3093-3098.

142. Campbell DJ, Neal BC, Chalmers JP, Colman SA, Jenkins AJ, Kemp BE, Patel A, Macmahon SW, Woodward M: Low-density lipoprotein particles and risk of intracerebral haemorrhage in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14:413-418.

143. Clarenbach JJ, Grundy SM, Palacio N, Vega GL: Relationship of apolipoprotein B levels to the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome. J Investig Med 2007;55:237-247.

144. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ, Pencina MJ, Sullivan L, Vasan RS, Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB: LDL particle number and risk for future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study – Implications for LDL management. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2007;1:2458-2464.

145. Cromwell WC: High density lipoprotein associations with coronary heart disease: does measurement of cholesterol content give the best result? Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2007;1:57-64.

146. Dungan KM, Guster T, DeWalt DA, Buse JB: A comparison of lipid and lipoprotein measurements in the fasting and nonfasting states in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2689-2695.

147. Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM: Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. Metabolism 2007;56:444-450.

148. Lai CQ, Arnett DK, Corella D, Straka RJ, Tsai MY, Peacock JM, Adiconis X, Parnell LD, Hixson JE, Province MA, Ordovas JM: Fenofibrate effect on triglyceride and postprandial response of apolipoprotein A5 variants: the GOLDN study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1417-1425.

149. Birjmohun RS, Dallinga-Thie GM, Kuivenhoven JA, Stroes ES, Otvos JD, Wareham NJ, Luben R, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM: Apolipoprotein A-II is inversely associated with risk of future coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007;116:2029-2035.

150. Deeg MA, Buse JB, Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Zagar AJ, Jacober SJ, Khan MA, Perez AT, Tan MH: Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone have different effects on serum lipoprotein particle concentrations and sizes in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2458-2464.

151. El-Saed A, Sekikawa A, Zaky RW, Kadowaki T, Takamiya T, Okamura T, Edmundowicz D, Kita Y, Kuller LH, Ueshima H: Association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 with coronary calcification among American and Japanese men. J Epidemiol 2007;17:179-185.

152. Bowden RG, Hebert S, Wilson R, Gentile M, Lanning BA. Comparison of lipid measures and reisk stratification among end-stage renal disease patients. J Nephrol 2007;20:212-218.

153. de Boer IH, Astor BC, Kramer H, Palmas W, Seliger SL, Shlipak MG, Siscovick DS, Tsai MY, Kestenbaum B: Lipoprotein abnormalities associated with mild impairment of kidney function in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:125-132.

154. Chung CP, Oeser A, Raggi P, Solus JF, Avalos I, Linton MF, Fazio S, Stein CM: Lipoprotein subclasses and particle size determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:1227-1233.

155. de Boer IH, Astor BC, Kramer H, Palmas W, Rudser K, Seliger SL, Shlipak MG, Siscovick DS, Tsai MY, Kestenbaum B: Mild elevations of urine albumin excretion are associated with atherogenic lipoprotein abnormalities in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2008;197:407-414.

156. Nelbach L, Shu X, Konrad RJ, Ryan RO, Forte TM: Effect of apolipoprotein A-V on plasma triglyceride, lipoprotein size, and composition in genetically engineered mice. J Lipid Res 2008;49:572-580.

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